Physics - XII Syllabus
Physics – XII Syllabus
Unit 1: Wave and Optics (40 Teaching Hours)
A: Wave (23 Hours)
Chapter 1: Wave Motion (4 Hours)
- Wave Motion
- Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
- Progressive and Stationary Waves
- Mathematical description of a wave
Chapter 2: Mechanical Waves (5 Hours)
- Speed of Wave Motion
- Velocity of sound in solid and Liquid
- Velocity of sound in gas
- Laplace’s correction
- Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity on velocity of sound
Chapter 3: Waves in Pipes and Strings (6 Hours)
- Stationary waves in closed and open pipes
- Harmonics and overtones in closed and open organ pipes
- End correction in pipes
- Resonance tube experiment
- Velocity of transverse waves along a stretched string
- Vibration of string and overtones
- Laws of vibration of fixed string
Chapter 4: Acoustic Phenomena (8 Hours)
- Sound waves
- Pressure amplitude
- Characteristics of sound
- Intensity
- Loudness
- quality and pitch
- Beats
- Doppler’s effect
- Infrasonic and ultrasonic waves
- Noise pollution: Sources, health hazard and control
Physical Optics (17 Hours)
Chapter 5: Nature and Propagation of Light (6 Hours)
- Nature and sources of light
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Huygen’s principle
- Reflection and refraction according to wave theory
- Velocity of light
- Foucault’s method
- Michelson’s Method
Chapter 6: Interference (4 Hours)
- Phenomenon of interference
- Coherent sources
- Young’s two slit experiment
- Newton’s ring
Chapter 7: Diffraction (4 Hours)
- Diffraction from a single slit
- Diffraction pattern of image
- Diffraction grating
- Resolving power of Optical Instruments
Chapter 8: Polarization
- Phenomenon of polarization
- Brewster’s law
- Transverse nature of light
- Polaroid
Unit 2: Electricity and Magnetism (55 Teaching Hours)
A: Current Electricity (20 Hours)
Chapter 9: D.C. Circuit (9 Hours)
- Electric Currents
- Drift velocity and its relation with current
- Ohm’s law
- Electrical Resistance
- Resistivity
- Conductivity
- Super conductors
- Perfect Conductors
- Current – Voltage relations
- Ohmic and Non- Ohmic resistance
- Resistances in series and parallel
- Potential Divider
- Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter
- Ohmmeter
- Electromotive force
- Emf of a source
- Internal resistance
- Work and power in electrical circuits
- Joule’s law and its verification
Chapter 10: Electrical Circuits (7 Hours)
- Kirchhoff’s laws
- Wheatstone bridge circuit
- O. Box
- Meter Bridge
- Potentiometer
- Comparison of e.m.f’s
- Measurement of Internal Resistance of a Cell
Chapter 11: Thermoelectric Effect (2 Hours)
- Seebeck Effect
- Thermocouples
- Peltier Effect
- Variation of thermoelectric emf with temperature
- Thermopile
- Thomson Effect
Chapter 12: Chemical Effect of Current (2 Hours)
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
- Faraday’s constant
- Verification of Faraday laws of electrolysis
B: Magnetic Field of Current (35 Hours)
Chapter 13: Magnetic Field (14 Hours)
- Magnetic field lines and magnetic flux
- Oersted’s experiment
- Force on moving charge
- Force on Conductor
- Force and Torque on rectangular coil
- Moving coil galvanometer
- Hall effect
- Magnetic field of a moving charge
- Biot and Savert law and its application to (i) a circular coil (ii) a long straight conductor (iii) a long solenoid
- Ampere’s law and its application to (i) a long straight conductor (ii) a straight solenoid (iii) a toroidal solenoid
- Forces between two parallel conductors carrying current
- Definition of ampere
Chapter 14: Magnetic Properties of Materials (5 Hours)
- Elements of earth magnetism and their variation
- Dip and Dip circle
- Flux density in magnetic material
- Relative permeability
- Susceptibility
- Hysteresis
- Dia-, Para- and Ferro-magnetic materials
Chapter 15: Electromagnetic Induction (8 Hours)
- Faraday’s laws
- Induced electric fields
- Lenz’s law
- Motional electromotive force
- AC generators
- Eddy currents
- Self – inductance and Mutual inductance
- Energy stored in an inductor
- Transformer
Chapter 16: Alternating Currents
- Peak and RMS value of AC current and voltage
- AC through resistor, capacitor and inductor
- Phaser diagram
- Series circuits containing combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor
- Series resonance
- Quality factor
- Power in AC circuits
- Power factor
- Choke coil
Modern Physics (55 Teaching Hours)
Chapter 17: Electrons and Photons (10 Hours)
Electrons:
- Millikan’s Oil drop experiment
- Gaseous discharge at various pressure
- Cathode rays
- Motion of electron beam in electric and magnetic fields
- Thomson’s experiment to determine specific charge of electron
Photons:
- Quantum nature of radiation
- Einstein’s photoelectric equation
- Stopping potential
- Measurement of Planck’s constant: Millikan’s Experiment
Chapter 18: Solids and Semiconductor Devices (11 Hours)
- Structure of solids
- Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only)
- Difference between metals, inductors and semiconductors using band theory
- Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors
- P-N junction
- Semiconductor diode
- Characteristics in forward and reverse bias
- Full wave rectification
- Filter circuit
- Zener diode
- Transistor: Common emitter characteristics
- Logic gates: NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR
- Nanotechnology (Introductory Idea)
Chapter 19: Quantization of Energy (9 Hours)
- Bohr’s theory of Hydrogen atom
- Spectral series
- Excitation and Ionization potentials
- Energy level
- Emission and absorption spectra
- De Broglie theory: Duality
- Uncertainty Principle
- Lasers: He-Ne laser, Nature and production, properties and uses
- X-rays: Nature and production
- Uses: x-rays
- X-rays diffraction
- Bragg’s Law
Chapter 20: Nuclear Physics (6 Hours)
- Nucleus: Discovery of nucleus
- Nuclear density
- Mass number
- Atomic number
- Atomic mass
- Isotopes
- Einstein’s mass-energy relation
- Mass defect
- Binding energy
- Fission and Fusion
Chapter 21: Radioactivity (7 Hours)
- Alpha particles
- Beta particles
- Gamma rays
- Laws of radioactive disintegration
- Half-life and decay constant
- Geiger-Muller Tube
- Radio Carbon dating
- Medical use of nuclear radiation
- Health Hazards and Safety Precautions
Chapter 22: Nuclear Energy and Other Sources of Energy (9 Hours)
- Sources of energy
- Conservation and degradation of energy
- Transformation of energy
- Nuclear energy
- Energy released from fission and fusion
- Thermal and hydroelectric power
- Wind energy
- Biofuels
- Solar energy
- Solar constant
- Solar devices
- Global energy consumption pattern and demands
- Energy use in Nepal
- Fuels and pollution
- Global warming
- Acid Rain
Chapter 23: Particle Physics and Cosmology (3 Hours)
- Particles and antiparticles
- Quarks and Leptons
- Baryons
- Mesons
- Universe – Hubble law
- Big Band
- Critical density
- Dark Matter