Chemistry - XII Syllabus
Section A: General & Physical Chemistry
Unit 1: Chemical Bonding and Shape of Molecules (3 Teaching Hours)
- Hybridization and concept of sigma and pi bond
- Valence shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory
- Prediction of molecular geometry (Shape of molecules) on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization (BeF2, BF3, NH3, H2O, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, H2S)
Unit 2: Volumetric Analysis (8 Teaching Hours)
- Different ways of expressing the concentration of solutions
i. Molarity ii. Normality iii. Molality iv. Gram/Litre v. Percentage
- Titration: i. acid-base titration ii. Redox titration
- Primary standard substances, primary standard solution, secondary standard solution, end point, equivalence point, neutral point, indicators
- Derivation of normality equation
- Relation between normality and molarity
- Selection of indicators in acid-base titration and pH curve
- Solving related numerical problems
Unit 3: Ionic Equilibrium (12 Teaching Hours)
- Introduction
- Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald’s dilution law)
- Degree of ionization and ionization constant
- Strength of acids and base in terms of Ka, Kb and pKa and pKb values
- Acid-base concept
- Arrhenius concept of acids and bases.
- Bronsted lowry concept of acids and bases.
- Lewis concept of acids and bases.
- Ionization of water, pH and pH scale.
- Hydrolysis of salts. (qualitative concept)
- Solubility product principle and its application
- Common ion effects and its application
- Application of solubility product principle in qualitative analysis
- Buffer Solution (Solving numerical problems related with solubility, solubility product, pH and pOH)
Unit 4: Electrochemistry (10 Teaching Hours)
- Introduction
- Electrolysis; strong and weak electrolyte
- Arrehenius theory of ionization
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
- Criteria of product formation during electrolysis
- Electrolytic conduction, equivalent and molar conductivities
- Variation of conductivity with concentration
- Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode and its applications
- Electrochemical series and its use to predict the feasibility of redox reactions
- Electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell)
- EMF of electrochemical cell in the standard state (Solving related numerical problems)
Unit 5: Energetics of Chemical Reactions (8 teaching hours)
- Introduction, unit of energy
- Some thermodynamical terms: system, surrounding, boundary, universe different types of system, state function, state variables and internal energy
- Exchange of energy between the system and surrounding
- Different types of thermodynamic process
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Sign convention of heat and work
- Enthalpy, enthalpy change in chemical reactions
- Hess’s law of constant heat summation
- Heat of neutralization, heat of solution, heat of
- combustion, heat of vapourization, heat of formation and bond energy (Solving related numerical problems)
UNIT 6: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS (6 teaching hours)
- Spontaneous process
- Second law of thermodynamics
- Entropy and its physical concept
- Entropy change in phase transformation
- Entropy and spontaneity
- Entropy changes and their calculation
- Gibb’s free energy and prediction for the feasibility of reaction
- Standard free energy change and equilibrium constant
- Influence of temperature on spontaneous process (Calculation involving in standard free energy change and equilibrium constant)
UNIT 7: CHEMICAL KINETICS (10 Teaching hours)
- Concept of reaction rate
- Average rate and instantaneous rate of a reaction
- Factors that influences the rate of reaction
- Rate law equation, rate constant and its units
- 1st order, IInd order, IIIrd order and zero order reactions
- Order and molecularity of a reaction
- Integrated rate law for a first order reaction
- Half-life of a reaction (first order)
- Explaining the increase in reaction rate with temperature or collision theory (qualitative concept only)
- Concept of activation energy as the energy barrier, activated complex and effect of catalyst on the rate reaction (Solving related numerical problems)
Section B: Organic Chemistry
Unit 8: Aromatic Hydrocarbon (3 Teaching Hours)
- Definition, Characteristics of aromatic compounds, Huckel’s rule, structure of benzene, isomerism and orientation of benzene derivatives
- Preparation of benzene from
- decarbozylation ii. Phenol iii. Ethyne iv. Chlorobenzene
- Physical properties of benzene
- Chemical properties of benzene
- Additional reaction: hydrogen, halogen and ozone
- Electrophilic substitution reactions: nitration, sulphonation, halogenation Friedal craft’s alkylation and acylation
- Combustion of benzene and uses
Unit 9: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (8 Teaching Hours)
9.1 Haloalkanes:
- Introduction, classification and isomerism
- Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols
- Physical properties of monohaloalkanes
- Chemical properties
- Substitution reactions
- Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation)
- Grignard’s reactions
- Reduction reactions – Wurtz’s reaction
- Polyhaloalkane:
- Laboratory preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone
- Physical properties of trichloromethane
- Chemical properties: oxidation, reduction, action on Silver Powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, aqueous alkali, Carbylamine reaction, Remer Tiemann reaction, Iodoform reaction, etc.
9.2 Haloarenes:
- Preparation of chlorobenzene from i. benzene ii. Benzene diazonium chloride
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Low reactivity of haloarene as compared to haloalkane in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction
- Reduction of chlorobenzene
- Electrophilic substitution reactions
- Action with Na, Mg and chloral etc.
- Uses
Unit 10: Alcohols and Phenols (10 Teaching Hours)
10.1 Alcohols:
- Introduction, classification, nomenclature and isomerism
- Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol by Victor Mayer’s Method
- Preparation of monohydric alcohols form
- haloalkane
- Grignard’s reagents using aldehydes and ketones
iii. Primary amines
- Ester
- Industrial preparation ethanol form:
- Oxoprocess
- Fermentation of sugar
iii. hydroboration of ethane
- Physical properties monohydric alcohols
- Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols
- Reaction with HX, PX, PCl5, SOCl2,
- Action with reactive metals like Na, K, L Esterification process
- Dehydration of alcohols.
- Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with oxidizing agents.
- Reduction of alcohols (Catalytic dehydrogenation)
- Laboratory test of ethanol
- Absolute alcohol, methylated spirit, rectified spirit; alcoholic beverage.
- Preparation and uses of ethan-1, 2. diol (glycol)
- Preparation and uses of Propan – 1, 2, 3 triol (glycerol)
10.2. Phenols:
- Introduction to phenol
- Preparation of phenol from
- chlorobenzene
- Diazonium salt and
iii. benzene Sulphonic acid
- Physical properties of phenol
- Chemical properties
- Acidic nature of phenol
- Action with PCI5, PX3, NH3, Zn, Na benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride
- Acylation reaction, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer Tiemann’s reaction
- Electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, bromination and Friedal Craft’s alkylation
- Laboratory test of phenol
- Uses of phenol
Unit 11: Ethers (4 Teaching Hours)
11.1 Aliphatic Ethers:
- Introduction, nomenclature classification, isomerism in ether
- Preparation of ethers from
- alcohol
- Williamson’s etherification process
- Laboratory preparation of ethoxy ethane form ethanol
- Physical properties of ether
- Chemical properties of etherxyethane
- action with HI, PCI5, con. HCI, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2,
- Uses of ethoxy ethane
11.2 Aromatic Ether:
- Preparation of methoxy benzene (anisole)
- Halogenation, nitration and sulphonation reactions
Unit 12: Aldehydes and Ketones (11 Teaching Hours)
12.1 Aliphatic Aldehydes and Ketones
- Introduction, structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature and isomerism in carbonyl compound
- Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from
- Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol
- Ozonolysis of alkenes
iii. Acid chloride
- Gem dihaloalkane
- Calalytic distillation of fatty acid
- Distillaiton of salt of fatty acid
vii. Calalyic hydration of alkynes
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN, NaHSO3 and Grignard’s reagents
- Action with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazides and 2, 4 DNP
iii. Reduction properties of aldehydes Oxidation with Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s solution action with phenol, formalin and its uses
- Aldol or condensation reaction: Clemennson’s reduction, Wolf- Kischner reduction, Action with PC2 action with LiAlH4
- Special reaction of methenal; cannizzaro’s reaction, action with ammonia action with phenol, formalin and its uses.
12.2 Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones:
- Preparation of benzaldelyde from toluene
- Properties of benzaldelyde
- Important reaction benzaldelyde different form aliphatic aldehydes:
- Perkin condensation
- Benzoin condensation
- Electrophilic substitution reaction
- Cannizzaro’s reaction
- Preparation of acetophenone by Friedal Craft’s acylation
Unit 13: Carboxylic Acids (10 Teaching Hours)
13.1 Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids:
- Introduction, nomenclature, examples
- Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from
- aldehydes
- Nitriles
iii. Grignard’s reagents
- dicarboxylic acid
- sodium alkoxide.
vi, trihaloalkanes
- Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids
- Chemical properties: Action with alkalies metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PC13, LiAlH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid, esterification, halogenation
- Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid
- Laboratory preparation of methanoic acid
- Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid
- Uses of carboxylic acid
13.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acid:
- Nomenclature, preparation and properties of
- Acid halides
- Acid amides
iii. Acid anhydrides and
- Esters
13.3 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids:
- Preparation of benzoic acid
- Physical and chemical properties
- Uses of benzoic acid
Unit 14: Nitro compounds (4 Teaching Hours)
14.1 Aliphalic Nitrocompounds (Nitroalkane):
- Introduction and nomenclature
- Preparation from haloalkane and alkane
- Physical properties
- Reduction of nitro alkane
- Uses
14.2 Aromatic Nitrocompounds:
- Laboratory preparation of nitrobenzene
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Reduction in different media
- Electrophilic substitution reactions
- Uses of nitrobenzene
Unit 15: Amino Compounds (Amines and Aniline) (7 Teaching Hours)
15.1 Aliphatic Amines:
- Introduction, nomenclature and classification
- Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method
- Preparation of primary amines form haloalkane, nitriles, nitro alkanes and amides
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 10, 20 and 30 amines. Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO/ HCl)
- Test of 10, 20 and 30 amines. (Nitrous acid test).
15.2 Aromatic Amine (Aniline):
- Laboratory preparation of aniline
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction
- Electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination
- Uses of aniline
Unit 16: Molecules of Life (8 Teaching Hours)
- Carbohydrates: definition, classification of carbohydrates, various examples of carbohydrate of different class. structure and glucose and fructose, function of carbohydrates, sugar and non-sugar
- Protein definition, amino acid essential and non-essential aminoacids, peptide linkage, hydrolysis of amino acids, denaturation of protein, zwitter ions, functions of aminoacids
- Nucleic acid: definition, basic components of nucleic acid; double helix, difference between RNA an DNA; biological function of nucleic acid
- Lipid: definition, fatty acids, fat as ester of fatty acid and difference between fats and oils, function of lipid
- Enzymes and their functions
Unit 17: Chemistry in Service to Mankind (10 Teaching Hours)
- Polymer: definition, natural and synthetic polymers, homopolymers and co-polymer Preparation of some polymers; PVC polyethene polystyreno Teflon, Nylon-66, Bakelite and their uses
- Dyes: definition, natural and synthetic dyes, names and structure of some common drug, drug addiction
- Fertilizer: definition, chemical and organic fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphatic fertilizer, fertilizer as pollution
- Pesticides: insecticides, herbicides. Weedicides and fungicides (examples and their uses)
SECTION C: Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 18: Heavy Metals (18 Teaching Hours)
General Characteristics of Transition Metals
18.1. Copper:
- Position in periodic table
- Occurrence and extraction of copper form copper pyrites
- Properties and uses
- Chemistry of
(i) blue vitriol
(ii) black oxide of copper
(iii) red oxide of copper
18.2 Zinc:
- Position in periodic table
- Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende
- Properties and uses of zinc
- Preparation properties and uses of zinc white and white vitriol
- Galvanization
18.3 Mercury:
- Occurrence and extraction of Hg from Cinnabar
- Properties of mercury
- Mercury poisoning and uses of Hg
- Preparation, properties and uses of
(i) Calomel
(ii) Corrosive Sublimate
18.4 Iron:
- Occurrence and extraction
- Varieties of Iron
- Properties of iron
- Manufacture of Steel by
- Bessemer process
- Open hearth process
- Heat treatment of steel
- Stainless steel
- Rusting of iron and its prevention
- Uses and biological importance of iron
- Structure and uses of green vitriol, Ferric chloride Mohr’s salt
18.5 Silver:
- Extraction of silver by cyanide process and its uses
- Preparation and uses of
- Silver chloride
- Silver nitrate